African socialism
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African socialism is the belief in the doctrine of sharing economic resources in a "traditional" African way, as compared to classical socialism. Many African politicians of the 1950s and 1960s professed a belief in African socialism, although interpretations varied considerably.
After the independence of most African countries during the 1960s, newly formed African regimes could not easily claim a great victory over the Europeans if they continued to use the same system that those oppressors had designed, namely capitalism, since all imperial regimes had been mainly capitalist, even if their adherence to free markets was not absolute. Socialism was popular among African leaders because it represented a break from the imperial ruling tradition. Socialism seemed, to many, to be all that capitalism was not.
African socialism's followers claimed it was not the opposite of capitalism or a response to it, but something completely different. Nationalists claimed it was fully African, appealing to an African identity that was even stronger than anti-capitalism. Their socialism, they claimed, was merely a recapturing of the spirit of what it was to be African.
A multitude of reasons were presented in support of African socialism. Many believed that Africa was too far “behind” capitalist states in terms of economic development to compete fairly with them. Others appealed to a sense of unity that would not be provided by the competitive capitalist systems. Still others believed that the development of Africa should be planned in order to avoid wasting scarce resources, and avoid future class conflicts.
African identity and socialism were often intertwined. Some leaders claimed that Africa had always been “socialist,” and appealed to socialism as a unifying cultural element for Africans. This was not by any means the only form of African identity that they appealed to, but the combination of socialism and African identity was doubly effective in ending the era of old imperial regimes. Social revolution usually went hand-in-hand with socialism.
However, most regimes following African socialist programmes did not deliver on the promises of self-sufficiency, prosperity, and equality, and as a result many have grown disillusioned with African socialism.
Proponents of African socialism
- Amílcar Cabral (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde)
- Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia)
- Modibo Keita (Mali)
- Samora Machel (Mozambique)
- Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
- Michel Micombero (Burundi)
- Eduardo Mondlane (Mozambique)
- Sam Nujoma (Namibia)
- Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)
- Oginga Odinga (Kenya)
- Didier Ratsiraka (Madagascar)
- Jerry Rawlings (Ghana)
- Thomas Sankara (Burkina Faso)
- Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)
- Ahmed Sékou Touré (Guinea)
Leaders such as Agostinho Neto, Marien Ngouabi, Kwame Nkrumah, and Siad Barre, while avowed socialists, were widely considered to build their respective countries on a structure that was much more Soviet-oriented than indigenous.nl:Afrikaans socialisme