Antimony

tin – antimony – tellurium As Sb Bi       Full table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	antimony, Sb, 51
Series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15 (VA), 5, p
Density, Hardness	6697 kg/m3, 3
Appearance	silvery lustrous grey
Atomic properties
Atomic weight	121.760 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	145 (133) pm
Covalent radius	138 pm
van der Waals radius	no data
Electron configuration	[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p3
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Oxidation states (Oxide)	?3, 5 (mildly acidic)
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral
Physical properties
State of matter	Solid
Melting point	903.78 K (1167.13 ?F)
Boiling point	1860 K (2889 ?F)
Molar volume	18.19 ×10-6 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	77.14 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	19.87 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	2.49 E-9 Pa @ 6304 K
Speed of sound	__ m/s at __ K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	2.05 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	210 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity	2.88 106/(m?ohm)
Thermal conductivity	24.3 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential	834 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	1594.9 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	2440 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	4260 kJ/mol
5th ionization potential	5400 kJ/mol
6th ionization potential	10400 kJ/mol
Most stable isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 121Sb 57.36% Sb is stable with 70 neutrons 123Sb 42.64% Sb is stable with 72 neutrons 125Sb {syn.} 2.7582 y Beta- 0.767 125Te
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Antimony is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Sb (L. Stibium) and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, a wide variety of alloys, electronics, and rubber.

Contents

1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Sources 5 Precautions 6 References

Notable characteristics

Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, brittle, fusible, crystalline solid that exhibits poor electrical and heat conductivity properties and vaporizes at low temperatures. A metalloid, antimony, resembles metal in its appearance and physical properties, but does not chemically react as a metal. It is also attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. Antimony and some of its alloys expand on cooling.

Estimates of the abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust range from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Antimony is chalcophile, occurring with sulfur and the heavy metals lead, copper, and silver.

Applications

Antimony is increasingly being used in the semiconductor industry in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices. As an alloy, this semi-metal greatly increases lead's hardness and mechanical strength. The most important use of antimony metal is as a hardener in lead for storage batteries. Other uses;

• Batteries,
• antifriction alloys,
• type metal,
• small arms and tracer bullets,
• cable sheathing
• matches
• medicines
• plumbing ("lead-free" solder contains 5% Sb)

Antimony compounds in the form of oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride are used in the making of flame-proofing compounds, ceramic enamels, glass, paints, and pottery. Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used in flame-retardant formulations. These flame-retardant applications include such markets as children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers. Also, antimony sulfide is one of the ingredients to the modern match.

History

Antimony was recognized in antiquity (3000 BC or earlier) in various compounds, and it was prized for its fine casting qualities. It was first reported scientifically by Tholden in 1450, and was known to be a metal by the beginning of the 17th century. The origin of the name "antimony" is not clear; the term may come from the Greek words "anti" and "monos", which approximately means "opposed to solitude" as it was thought never to exist in its pure form, or from the Arabian expression "Antos Ammon", which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammon".

The alchemical symbol for the element is shown.

The natural sulfide of antimony, stibnite, was known and used in Biblical times as medicine and as a cosmetic. Stibnite is still used in some developing countries as medicine. Antimony has been used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Antimony attaches itself to sulfur atoms in certain enzymes which are used both by the parasite and human host. Small doses can kill the parasite without causing damage to the patient.

The relationship between antimony's modern name and its symbol is complex; the Coptic name for the cosmetic powder antimony sulfide was borrowed by the Greeks, which was in turn borrowed by Latin, resulting in stibium. The chemical pioneer J?Jakob Berzelius used an abbreviation of this name for antimony in his writings, and his usage became the standard symbol.

Antimony is also the first element in Tom Lehrer's "The Elements".

Sources

Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100 mineral species. Antimony is sometimes found native, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite (Sb₂S₃) which is the predominant ore mineral. Commercial forms of antimony are generally ingots, broken pieces, granules, and cast cake. Other forms are powder, shot, and single crystals.

Precautions

Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Clinically, antimony poisoning is very similar to arsenic poisoning. In small doses, antimony causes headache, dizziness and depression. Such small doses have in the past been reported in some acidic fruit drinks. The acidic nature of the drink is sufficient to dissolve small amounts of antimony oxide contained in the packaging of the drink. Modern manufacturing methods prevent this occurrence. Larger doses cause violent and frequent vomiting, and will lead to death in few days.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Antimony (http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/51.html)
• Public Health Statement for Antimony (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs23.html)

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