Cabinet of Japan
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The Cabinet(内閣, Naikaku) is the executive branch of the government of Japan. It consists of the Prime Minister and up to fourteen other members, called Ministers of State. The Prime Minister is designated by the Diet, and the remaining ministers are appointed and dismissed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Diet and must resign if a motion of no confidence is adopted by the House of Representatives.
The modern Japanese Cabinet was established by the Constitution of Japan which came into effect in 1947. A cabinet also existed under the Meiji constitution of 1889-1946. This previous cabinet was subordinate to the Emperor.
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Appointment
Under the constitution, Ministers of State are appointed after the selection of the Prime Minister. A majority of the Cabinet, including the Prime Minister, must be members of the Diet (but may be members of either house), and all members must be civilians. Under the 2001 Cabinet Law, the number of Ministers of State (excluding the Prime Minister) must be fourteen or less, but this may be increased to seventeen if a special need arises. In the event that the Cabinet collectively resigns it continues to exercise its functions until the appointment of a new Prime Minister. While in office, legal action may not be taken against Ministers of State without the consent of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet must resign en masse in the following circumstances:
- When a motion of no confidence is adopted, or a vote of confidence defeated, by the House of Representatives, unless there is a dissolution of the house within ten days.
- Upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election to the House of Representatives (even if every minister will then be reappointed).
- When the position Prime Minister becomes vacant, or the Prime Minister declares his intention to resign.
Powers
The Cabinet exercises two kinds of power. Some of its powers, while in practice exercised in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet, are nominally exercised by the Emperor with the "advice and approval" of the Cabinet. Its other class of powers are exercised by the Cabinet explicitly. Contrary to the practice in many constitutional monarchies, the Emperor of Japan is not the nominal chief executive of the state. Instead the constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Cabinet.
Powers exercised via the Emperor
- Convocation of the Diet.
- Dissolution of the House of Representatives.
- Proclamation of general elections to the Diet.
- Conferring of honours.
Explicit powers
- Execution of the law.
- Conduct of foreign affairs.
- Conclusion of treaties (with the consent of the Diet).
- Administration of the civil service.
- Drafting of the budget (which must be adopted by the Diet).
- Adoption of cabinet orders.
- Granting of general amnesty, special amnesty, commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights.
- Every law or cabinet order is signed by the relevant Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister.
The Cabinet (2004-present)
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Prime Minister Koizumi formed his Fourth Cabinet on 27 September, 2004. It consists of the following members:
- Taro Aso
- Chieko Nohno
- Minister of Justice
- Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Measures for Declining Birthrate
- Nobutaka Machimura
- Sadakazu Tanigaki
- Nariaki Nakayama
- Hidehisa Otsuji
- Yoshinobu Shimamura
- Shoichi Nakagawa
- Kazuo Kitagawa
- Yuriko Koike
- Minister of the Environment
- Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs
- Hiroyuki Hosoda
- Chief Cabinet Secretary
- Minister of State for Gender Equality
- Yoshitaka Murata
- Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission
- Minister of State for Disaster Management
- Minister of State for National Emergency Legislation
- Yoshinori Ohno
- Minister of State for Defense
- Tatsuya Ito
- Minister of State for Financial Services
- Heizo Takenaka
- Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy
- Minister of State for Privatization of the Postal Services
- Seiichiro Murakami
- Minister of State for Regulatory Reform
- Minister of State for Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan
- Minister of State for Administrative Reform
- Minister of State for Special Zones for Structural Reform
- Minister of State for Regional Revitalization
- Yasufumi Tanahashi
- Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy
- Minister of State for Food Safety
- Minister of State for Information Technology
See also
- Politics of Japan
- Cabinet
- List of members of the Japanese Cabinet (2003-2004)
- Parliamentary system
- History of Japan
References
- The Japan Times. "Junichiro Koizumi's Third Cabinet". The Japan Times Online. Accessed 19 November 2003 from: http://www.japantimes.com/cabinets.htm
- Cabinet Secretariat, Office of Cabinet Public Relations, Japan (2003). Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. Retrieved 28 Oct. 2003 from: http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html
External links
- Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinets (http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html)
- List of Japanese cabinets (http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet-Bull/6515/rekidaiNaikaku.htm) (in Japanese only)