Chicago's American

Chicago's American, an afternoon newspaper in Chicago, Illinois, was the last flowering of the aggressive journalistic tradition depicted in the play and movie The Front Page.

Its first edition came out on the 4th of July, 1900 as Hearst’s Chicago American. Its companion Morning American came out in 1902 (Examiner as the Sunday Edition) and was replaced by the Examiner in 1907.

Distribution of the Herald Examiner after 1918 was controlled by gangsters. Dion O'Banion, Vincent Drucci, Hymie Weiss and Bugs Moran first sold the Tribune. They were then recruited by Moses Annenberg who offered more money to sell the Examiner, later Herald-Examiner. This "selling" consisted of pressuring stores and news dealers.

Under pressure from his lenders, Hearst consolidated the American and the Herald-Examiner in 1939. It continued as the Chicago Herald-American until 1953 when it became Chicago American. The American was bought by the Chicago Tribune in 1956, and, slightly re-named as "Chicago's American", continued as an afternoon broadsheet until 1969; at that point the Trubune Co. converted the "American" into a tabloid, and published it as Chicago Today until it closed September 13, 1974.

The American was the product of the merger or acquisition of 14 predecessor newspapers and inherited the tradition, and the files, of all of them.

As an afternoon paper, the American was dependent on street sales rather than subscriptions, and it was breaking news that brought street sales. The American was noted for its aggressive reporting. Its editors, writers, and photographers went hard after every story. It was not uncommon for them to pretend to be police officers or public officials to get a story, although many of them could simply talk their way into any place.

These techniques were usually used legitimately. Reporters would demand information as if they had a right to it and would often get it. With its connections with news sources and its bravado, the small staff of the American regularly scooped its larger and more respectable afternoon competition, the Chicago Daily News.

Frank Lloyd Wright announced plans to build a mile-high building in Chicago. The American stole the drawings and printed them.

The tradition was exemplified by the longtime night city editor of the American, Harry Romanoff, who could create news stories almost at will with only a telephone. Since the afternoon paper was put together the previous evening, the night city editor was the key news editor.

One night floods threatened southern Illinois, and, even worse, the American did not have a big story for the front page. Romanoff called fire departments and police stations throughout the region, posing as "Captain Parmenter of the state police" (a nonexistent individual) urging them to take action. One fire department, bemused by the call, asked what they should do. "Ring those fire bells! Call out the people!"

Romanoff then turned to his rewrite man to dictate the lead story:

Fire bells rang over southern Illinois as police and fire departments called out the people to warn them of impending floods.

It never did flood, but the American had its banner headline. These headlines were necessary for sales of the early editions. Later in the day, breaking news would generally replace them or reduce their importance. Of course, many stories developed in this way were genuine scoops that would be expanded in later editions.

The American gave the same attention to smaller stories as to large ones. It was always first with police news. One notable headline:

Mother of 14 kids kills father of 9 in police station

In addition to Romanoff, notable American staff members included:

• Wendell Smith, the African American sports reporter requested by Branch Rickey to travel with Jackie Robinson when he was breaking into baseball.
• Brent Musburger, night sports editor of the American who became a prominent television sports personality.
• Buddy McHugh, thinly disguised as "McCue" in The Front Page
• George Murray, who was once sent to Central America and told to "find a lost city", which he promptly did. Murray wrote a memoir about the paper calledf The Madhouse on Madison Street.
• Jack Mabley, investigative columnist, whose most famous article measured water pressure during commercial breaks on national tv broadcasts and determined that viewers were using the toilet during the breaks.
• Michael McGovern, New York Daily News investigative reporter. McGovern once went door-to-door through Evanston, Illinois asking each woman in one neighborhood if she was the illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding.

In the end, TV news brought an end to most afternoon papers, but up until the 1970s, Chicago had a competitive journalistic scene unmatched by most other American cities, five daily papers and four wire services in competition, and none more competitive than Chicago's American.

The American's Predecessor Newspapers

1. Morning Record, March 13, 1893-March 27, 1901 (originally News Record aka Morning News aka Chicago Daily News (Morning Edition) beginning July 24, 1881)
2. Chicago Times, June 1, 1861-March 4, 1895
3. Chicago Republican, May 30, 1865-March 22, 1872
4. Inter Ocean, March 25, 1872-May 10, 1914
5. Chicago Daily Telegraph,March 21,1878-May 9,1881
6. Morning Herald, May 10, 1893-March 3, 1895
7. Times-Herald, March 4, 1895-March 26, 1901
8. Chicago American July 4, 1900-August 27, 1939
9. Record-Herald, March 28, 1901-May 10,1914
10. Chicago Examiner, Mar 3,1907-May 1, 1918
11. Chicago Herald, June 14, 1914-May 1,1918
12. Herald-Examiner May 2, 1918-August 26, 1939
13. Herald American August 26, 1939-April 5,1953
14. The Chicago American April 6, 1953-September 23, 1959
15. Chicago Record Herald & Interocean May 11, 1914- June 1,1914
16. Chicago Today May 24, 1970-September 13, 1974
17. Chicago's New American Sep 23, 1959-October 24, 1959
18. Chicago's American October 25, 1959-April 27, 1969
19. Chicago Today American April 28, 1969-May 23, 1970