Generalissimo
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A generalissimo is a commissioned officer of the highest rank; the word is often translated as "Supreme Commander" or "Commander in Chief". It is an Italian superlative substantive, which grammatically would actually be disallowed in Italian (superlatives can be made with adjectives only). When used as a noun, the correct sense is "General of the highest degree" (or commander in chief of the entire armed forces of a specific country); as an adjective, the closest English form is "most general," but the concept is best expressed by the grammatically incorrect expression "most generalest." The term "Generalissimo" in English has come to refer to a kind of ruler who has ascended to that position by a military coup. In most developed English-speaking countries, the term commonly invokes the image of corrupt dictatorships and so-called "banana republics."
The dictator Francisco Franco, Chief of State of the Spanish State, also held the title Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles, or "Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies", a title which expressed his supreme command of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the Spanish State. His influential brother-in-law, Ramón Serrano Súñer, was nicknamed el cuñadísimo ("the brother-in-law + -issimo").
Chiang Kai-shek also used the term (although he was technically a general special class or "five-star general") as did Joseph Stalin; the latter, however, was appointed to the position on June 27 1945, at the conclusion of World War II and did not use it as a title to designate his position of commander in chief, but rather bore it as a title of rank, Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, above the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. The Japanese title of Shogun is in a way comparable to that of generalissimo.
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Famous Generalissimos
Austria:
- Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609-80)
- Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736)
- Leopold Daun (1705-1766)
- Archduke Charles (1771-1847)
- Karl zu Schwarzenberg (1771-1820)
China:
- Chiang Kai-Shek (1887-1975)
France:
- Henry III of France (1551-1589)
- Henry I, Duke of Guise (1550-88)
- Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé (1621-88)
- Turenne (1611-1675)
- Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars (1653-1734)
- Maurice de Saxe (1696-1750)
- Louis-François-Armand du Plessis (1696-1788)
- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult (1760-1851)
Germany:
- Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583-1634)
North Korea:
- Kim Il Sung (1912-1994)
Russia:
- Aleksei Shein (1662-1700)
- Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729)
- Anton Ulrich, prince of Brunswick (1714-1776) (see de:Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig)
- Aleksandr Suvorov (1729-1800)
- Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
Spain:
- Don John of Austria (1547-1578)
- Francisco Franco (1892–1975)
See also
- Dictator
- Shogun
- Magister militum
- Military rule
- Supreme Allied Commander
- The Generals
- Generalissimo El Busho -- A nickname for George W. Bush coined by U.S. editorial cartoonist Ted Rallde:Generalissimus