Nicolai Grundtvig

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N.F.S. Grundtvig

Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (September 8, 1783September 2, 1872) was a Danish writer, poet, philosopher, historian, priest, educationalist and even politician. He is one of the most influential people in Danish history, his philosophy giving rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark in the last half of the 19th century.

Grundtvig and his followers, Grundtvigians, are credited with being very influential in the formulation of modern Danish national consciousness. Their attitude is well illustrated in the very different reaction of Danes to their national defeat in 1864 against Prussia versus the national trauma of German defeat in World War I.

Biography

Called "Frederik" rather than "Nicolai" by those close to him, N.F.S. Grundtvig was the son of a Lutheran pastor, born at the parsonage of Udby in Zealand. He was brought up in a very religious atmosphere, although his mother also had a great respect for the old Danish legends and traditions. He was schooled in the tradition of the European Enlightenment, but his faith in reason was shaken by German romanticism and the history of the Nordic countries. From an early age Grundtvig was concerned by the poor situation Danish peasants found themselves in.

In 1791 he was sent to live at the house of a pastor in Jutland, Laurids Feld, and studied at the free school of Aarhus until he went up to the University of Copenhagen in 1800. At the close of his university life he made Icelandic his special study, until in 1805 he took the position of tutor in a house on the island of Langeland. The next three years were spent in the study of Shakespeare, Schiller, Schelling and Fichte. His cousin, the philosopher Heinrich Steffens, had returned to Copenhagen in 1802 full of the teaching of Schelling and his lectures and the early poetry of Oehlenschläger opened the eyes of Grundtvig to the new era in literature. His first work, On the Songs in the Edda, attracted no attention.

Returning to Copenhagen in 1808 he achieved greater success with his Northern Mythology, and again in 1809 with a long reading drama, The Fall of the Heroic Life in the North. The boldness of the ecclesiastical views expressed in his first sermon in 1810 offended the ecclesiastical authorities, and he retired to a country parish as his father's assistant for a while. From 1812 to 1817 he published five or six works, of which the Rhyme of Roskilde is the most remarkable. From 1816 to 1819 he was editor of a polemical journal entitled Dannevirke.

During these years he was preaching against rationalism to an enthusiastic congregation in Copenhagen, but he accepted in 1821 the country living of Præstø, only to return to the metropolis the year after. In 1825 he published a pamphlet, The Church's Reply, against HN Clausen, who was professor of theology in the university of Copenhagen. Grundtvig was publicly prosecuted and fined, and for seven years he was forbidden to preach, years which he spent in publishing a collection of his theological works, in paying two visits to England, and in studying Anglo-Saxon.

In 1832 he obtained permission to preach again, and in 1839 he became priest of the workhouse church of Vartov hospital, Copenhagen, a post he continued to hold until his death. In 1837-1841 he published Songs for the Danish Church, a rich collection of sacred poetry; in 1838 he brought out a selection of early Scandinavian verse; in 1840 he edited the Anglo-Saxon poem of the Phoenix, with a Danish translation. He visited England a third time in 1843.

From 1844 until after the first German war Grundtvig took a very prominent part in politics. In 1861 he received the titular rank of bishop, but without a see. He went on writing occasional poems till 1866, and preached in the Vartov every Sunday until a month before his death. His preaching attracted large congregations, and he soon had a following. His hymn-book effected a great change in Danish church services, substituting the hymns of the national poets for the slow measures of the orthodox Lutherans.

The chief characteristic of his theology was the substitution of the authority of the "living word" for the apostolic commentaries, and he desired to see each congregation a practically independent community. His patriotism was almost a part of his religion, and he established popular schools where the national poetry and history should form an essential part of the instruction. His followers are known as Grundtvigians. He was married three times, the last time in his seventy-sixth year.

Grundtvig holds a unique position in the cultural history of his country; he has been styled the Danish Carlyle. But his style of writing and fields of reference are not immediately accessible to a foreigner, thus his international importance does not match his contemporaries Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard. No comprehensive foreign language edition of his work exists. A three volume edition in German, however, is under preparation and projects aiming at an English edition are in progress as well.

His secular poetical works were published in a nine volume edition (1880-1930). The first seven volumes by his second son, the philologist Svend Hersleb Grundtvig (1824-1883). The philological practise of this work, however, is not up to the standards of modern philology. His hymns have been collected in the phlologically more stable five volume edition Grundtvigs Sang-Værk (1944-1964). The best overall collection of his writings is Holger Begtrup's 10 volume edition Udvalgte Skrifter. His enormous oeuvre is presented in Steen Johansen: Bibliografi over N.F.S. Grundtvigs Skrifter 1-4 (1948-54).da:Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig de:Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig no:Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig sv:Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig

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