Alphabets derived from the Latin
|
|
Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the writing systems of many languages throughout the world. The tables below summarize and compare several of those alphabets.
| Contents |
Basic Latin Alphabet
| Alphabet | A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin Template:Ref | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | V | X | Y | Z | |||
| Albanian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | Z | |
| Croatian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | ||||
| Czech | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y | Z | |||
| Dutch | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
| Esperanto | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | ||||
| Estonian | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | |||||
| Faroese | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y | |||||
| Hungarian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | ||||
| Icelandic | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | ||||
| Irish | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | ||||||||
| Italian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | Z | |||||
| Kashubian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y | Z | |||
| Łacinka | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y | Z | |||
| Latvian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | ||||
| Lithuanian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y | Z | |||
| Maltese | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z | ||
| Polish | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y | Z | |||
| Portuguese | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z | |||
| Romanian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z | |||
| Scots Gaelic | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | ||||||||
| Slovenian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Z | ||||
| Sorbian | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y | Z | |||
| Swedish | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | Z | |
| Turkish | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | Y | Z | |||
| Vietnamese | A | B | C | D | E | G | H | I | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Y | ||||
| Walloon | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
| Welsh | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y |
Afrikaans, Catalan, Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Kurdish, Norwegian, Slovak and Spanish are using all 26 letters.
In many of the languages listed above, the "missing" letters are used for vernacular words of foreign origin and their derivatives (such as newtoniano in Italian and Portuguese) or metric units (like W for watt and H for henry).
Extended Latin Alphabet
The characters in the following tables may not all render, depending on operating system and browser version and the presence or absence of Unicode fonts.
Letters based on A-I
Letters based on J-Z
Notes
- Template:Note Albanian also has the digraphs: dh, gj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh.
- Template:Note Catalan also has the digraphs: ll, ny (ñ), l·l (ŀl), rr, ss, dz, tz, ig, ix, gu, qu, nc.
- Template:Note Croatian also has the digraphs: dž, lj, nj. It can also be written with four tone markers above on top of the vowels. Note that Croatian Latin and Serbian Cyrillic alphabets map 1:1 to each other.
- Template:Note Czech also has the digraph: ch.
- Template:Note Dutch historically used ÿ instead of ij.
- Template:Note Some variants of French do not use uppercase diacritics.
- Template:Note German also retains most original letters in French loan words. Swiss German does not use ß any more. The long s (ſ) was in use until the mid-20th century. Sch is usually not treated like a true trigraph, neither are ch and qu digraphs. Q only appears in the sequence qu, y only (and x almost only) in loan words.
- Template:Note Hungarian also has the digraphs: cs, dz, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs; and the trigraph: dzs.
- Template:Note Irish formerly used the dot diacritic in ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ. These have been replaced by the digraphs: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th.
- Template:Note Italian also has the digraphs: ch, gh, gn, gl, sc.
- Template:Note Łacinka also has the digraphs: dz, dź, dž.
- Template:Note The letters J, W and U (or, rather the distinction between I and J, between U and V and between W and VV) were added to the Latin alphabet only in Mediæval times, as were the digraphs Æ and Œ and all lowercase letters.
- Template:Note Lithuanian also has the digraphs: ch, dz, dž, ie, uo. However, these are not considered separate letters of the alphabet.
- Template:Note Maltese also has the digraphs: ie, għ.
- Template:Note The Norwegian alphabet is currently identical with the Danish alphabet, but lately it has been proposed to add the letter Kjell to the Norwegian alphabet (after the letter L), so that the sound which is commonly spelled kj may be written with a single letter.
- Template:Note Polish also has the digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dż, dź, sz, rz.
- Template:Note Portuguese also has the digraphs: ch, lh, nh, qu, sc, xc, ss, rr.
- Template:Note Slovak also has the digraphs: dz, d&381;, ch and unique letters Ľ/ľ, Ĺ/ĺ.
- Template:Note Spanish also has the digraphs: ch, ll, rr. The cedilla ç used earlier has been replaced completely by z.
- Template:Note Vietnamese has tone markers that can go on top (or below) any of the vowels (a, â, ă, e, ê, i, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, y); e.g.: à, ầ, ằ, è, ề, ì, ò, ồ, ờ, ù, ừ, ỳ; ả, ẩ, ẳ, ẻ, ể, ỉ, ỏ, ổ, ở, ủ, ử, ỷ; ã, ẵ, ẫ, ẽ, ễ, ĩ, õ, ỗ, ỡ, ũ, ữ, ỹ; á, ấ, ắ, é, ế, í, ó, ố, ớ, ú, ứ, ý; ạ, ặ, ậ, ẹ, ệ, ị, ọ, ộ, ợ, ụ, ự, ỵ. It also uses the digraphs: ch, gi, kh, ng, nh, ph, th, tr.
- Template:Note Walloon has the digraphs and trigraphs: ae, ch, dj, ea, jh, oe, oen, oi, sch, sh, tch, xh; the letter x is only used in xh digraph, the letter j is almost only used in dj and jh digraphs
- Template:Note Welsh has the digraphs: ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th and occasionally uses acute accents on its seven vowels (a, e, i, o, u, w, y); ñ is often written ng instead.
Other alphabets based on the Latin alphabet
- Basque alphabet, similar Catalan alphabet
- Serbian alphabet, similar to Croatian alphabet
- Hawaiian alphabet
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- Japanese alphabet (Romaji)
- "L337" alphabet
- Tatar alphabet, similar to Turkish alphabet
- Zulu alphabet
Several transcription and transliterations.
External link
- Michael Everson's Alphabets of Europe (http://www.evertype.com/alphabets)
- Typo.cz Information on Central European typography and typesetting (http://euro.typo.cz/)
- Letter database of the Estonian institute of standardisation (http://www.eki.ee/letter/)ko:로마 문자를 쓰는 언어