Anko Itosu
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Yasutsune Itosu, best known as Anko Itosu, is considered more than anyone else to be the father of modern karate. His birth is dated in various sources to 1830, 1831, or 1832, and he died in 1915.
While he certainly did not invent karate himself, his codification of the kata learned from his master Sokon Matsumura and the wide dissemination of his teachings to masters of various traditions that have developed make it a benchmark that any bona fide karate instructor can trace his lineage of teachers back to someone who at least for some period studied with Itosu.
Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan karate, was a student of Itosu, and both Shito-ryu founder Kenwa Mabuni and Goju Ryu founder Chojun Miyagi were influenced by both Itosu and Kanryo Higaonna, though Mabuni is considered primarily an Itosu student and Miyagi primarily a student of Higaonna. Another influential Itosu student was Shorin-ryu master Choshin Chibana.
Anko Itosu served as a secretary to the last king of the Ryukyu islands until Japan abolished the Okinawa-based native monarchy in 1879. In 1901 he was instrumental in getting karate introduced into Okinawa's schools, and in 1908 wrote the influential Ten Precepts (Tode Jukun) of Karate to reach beyond the shores of Okinawa to the heart of Japan itself.
Ten Precepts Of Karate
Karate did not develop from Buddhism or Confucianism. In the past the Shorin School and the Shorei school were brought here from China. Both of these schools have strong points, which I will now mention before there are too many changes.
1. Karate is not merely practiced for your own benefit: it can be used to protect one's family or master. It is not intended to be used against a single assailant but instead as a way of avoiding a fight should one be confronted by a villain or ruffian.
2. The purpose of Karate is to make the muscles and bones hard as rock and to use the hands and legs as spears. If children were to begin training in China Hand while in elementary school, then they will be well suited for military service. Remember the words of the Duke of Wellington after he defeated Napoleon: "Our victory here today was achieved in our school yards."
3. Karate cannot be quickly learned. Like a slow moving bull, it eventually travels a thousand miles. If one trains diligently everyday, then in three or four years one will come to understand Karate.
Those who train in this fashion will discover Karate.
4. In Karate training of the hands and feet are important, so one must be thoroughly trained on the makiwara (striking post). In order to do this, drop your shoulders, open your lungs, take hold of your strength, grip the floor with your feet and sink your energy into your lower abdomen. Practice using each arm one to two hundred times each day.
5. When one practices the stances of China Hand, be sure to keep your back straight, lower your shoulders, put strength in your legs, stand firmly and drop your energy into your lower abdomen.
6. Practice each of the techniques of Karate repeatedly, the use of which is passed by word of mouth. Learn the explanations well and decide when and in what manner to apply them when needed. Enter, counter, release is the rule of releasing hand (torite).
7. You must decide if Karate is for your health or to aid your duty.
8. When you train, do so as if on the battlefield. Your eyes should glare, shoulders drop, and body harden.. You should always train with intensity and spirit and in this way you will naturally be ready.
9. One must not overtrain; this will cause you to lose the energy in your lower abdomen and will be harmful to your body. Your face and eyes will turn red. Train wisely.
10. In the past masters of Karate have enjoyed long lives. Karate aids in developing the bones and muscles. It helps the digestion as well as the circulation. If Karate should be introduced beginning in the elementary schools, then we will produce many men each capable of defeating ten assailants. I further believe this can be done by having all students at the Okinawa Teachers College practice Karate. In this way after graduation they can teach at the elementary schools that which they have been taught. I believe this will be a great benefit to our nation and our military. It is my hope you will seriously consider my suggestion.
Anko Itosu
October 1908