Luxembourg (city)

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Luxembourg_City,_view_on_the_Old_Town.JPG
The Old town, seen from the Grund

Luxembourg City ("Lëtzebuerg"), population 82,268 (2002), is the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Located at the conjunction of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers, it is a banking and administrative center. The city is located at 49°36' North, 6° 8' East (49.6, 6.1333). [1] (http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html)

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History


In the roman era, a fortified tower guarded the crossing of two roman roads that met at the site of Luxembourg city. Through an exchange treaty with the abbey of St. Maximin in Trier in 963, Sigfrid of the Ardennes, a close relative of the French royal family and the German emperor, acquired the feudal lands of Luxembourg. Sigfrid built his castle, named “Lucilinburhuc” ("small castle"), on the Bock, mentioned for the first time in the aforementioned exchange treaty.


In 987, the Trier archbishop Egbert (977-993) blessed five altars in the church of the redemption (today St. Michael's church). Near the church, at a roman road intersection, a marketplace appears, around which the city will develop.


Fortifications

The city, for reasons of its location and natural geography, has through history been a place of strategic military significance. The first fortifications were built as early as the 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, as the city expanded westward around the new St. Nicolas Church (today the cathedral of Notre Dame), new walls were built that included an area of 5 hectares.

In about 1340, under the reign of John the Blind, Vauban designed new fortifications that stood until the dismantlement of 1867, when the Duchy of Luxembourg attained independence and asserted neutrality. This neutrality was disregarded by Germany on the occasions of both World War I and World War II when Luxembourg was invaded. In 1952 the city became the headquarters of the European Coal and Steel Community.

In 1443, the Burgundians under Philip the Good conquered Luxembourg. Luxembourg becomes part of the Burgundian, and later Spanish and Austrian empires. By the 16th century, Luxembourg is one of the strongest fortifications in Europe. Subsequently, the Burgundians, the Spanish, the French, the Spanish again, the Austrians, the French again, and the Prussians will conquer Luxembourg. The Austrians, who occupied Luxembourg from 1715 to 1795 further expanded the fortifications to withstand a possible French assault.

In the 17th century, the first casemates were built: 23 km of galleries and rooms. They served as storage places for artillery, shelters from enemy fire and allowed the movement of troops between the inner and outer fortifications.


Places of Interest

Places of interest include the neogothic Cathedral of Notre Dame, the fortifications, the grand-ducal palace, the Gëlle Fra (war memorial), the casemates, the Neumünster abbey, the Place d'Armes, the Adolphe Bridge and the city hall. The city is the seat of a university, Radio Luxembourg, and several institutions of the European Union, including the European Court of Justice, the secretary general of the European Parliament, the European Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank, the preponderance of which are located in the area of the city known as Kirchberg.

Mayors of Luxembourg since 1800

Name Period
François Scheffer 1800-1802
Jean-Baptiste Servais 1803-1811
Charles Baron de Tornaco 1811-1814
Bonaventure Dutreux-Boch 1814-1816
François Scheffer 1816-1817
Constantin Joseph Pescatore 1817-1820
François Scheffer 1820-1822
François Röser 1822-1827
François Scheffer 1827-1843
Fernand Pescatore 1844-1848
Jean-Pierre David Heldenstein 1848-1850
Gabriel de Marie 1850-1854
Jean-Pierre David Heldenstein 1855-1865
Théodore Eberhard 1865-1869
Jean Mersch-Wittenauer 1869-1873
Charles Simonis 1873-1875
Emmanuel Servais 1875-1890
Alexis Brasseur 1890-1894
Emile Mousel 1894-1904
Alphonse Munchen 1905-1914
Léandre Lacroix 1914-1918
Luc Housse 1918-1920
Gaston Diderich 1921-1946
Emile Hamilius 1946-1963
Paul Wilwertz 1964-1969
Colette Flesch 1970-1980
Camille Polfer 1980-1981
Lydie Wurth-Polfer 1982-1999
Paul Helminger since 1999
ar:لوكسمبورغ المدينة

de:Luxemburg (Stadt) es:Ciudad de Luxemburgo eo:Luksemburgo (urbo) fr:Luxembourg (ville) io:Luxemburg id:Luxemburg (kota) he:לוקסמבורג (עיר) it:Lussemburgo (città) lb:Lëtzebuerg (Stad) nl:Luxemburg (stad) ja:ルクセンブルク (市) pl:Luksemburg (miasto) ro:Luxemburg (oraş) ru:Люксембург (город) fi:Luxemburg (kaupunki) sv:Luxemburg (stad) wa:Lussimbork veye

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