Nucleotide
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|
| Code | Equivalence | Complement |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | T or U |
| C | C | G |
| G | G | C |
| T or U | T | A |
| M | A or C | K |
| R | A or G | Y |
| W | A or T | W |
| S | C or G | S |
| Y | C or T | R |
| K | G or T | M |
| V | A or C or G | B |
| H | A or C or T | D |
| D | A or G or T | H |
| B | C or G or T | V |
| X or N | A or C or G or T | X |
A nucleotide is a monomer or the structural unit of nucleotide chains forming nucleic acids as RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a heterocyclic nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate or polyphosphate group. Nucleotides also play important roles in cellular energy transport and transformations (notably ATP and NAD+/NADH), and in enzyme regulation (see for example, protein kinase).
The nucleobase can be purines or pyrimidines, the sugar can be deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA, and the phosphate chain can be a monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphosphate. A nucleotide that lacks the phosphate group is called nucleoside.
| Contents |
Nomenclature
Nucleotide names are abbreviated into standard four-letter codes. The first letter is lower case and indicates whether the nucleotide in question is a ribonucleotide (r) or deoxyribonucleotide (d). The second letter indicates the nucleobase:
- G: Guanine
- A: Adenine
- T: Thymine
- C: Cytosine
- U: Uracil not present in DNA, but takes the place of Thymine in RNA
The third and fourth letters indicate the length of the attached phosphate chain (Mono-, Di-, Tri-) and the presence of a phosphate (P).
For example, deoxy-cytosine-triphosphate is abbreviated as dCTP.
Chemical structures
Nucleotides
| Missing image AMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of adenosine monophosphate Adenosine monophosphate AMP | Missing image ADP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of adenosine diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate ADP | Missing image ATP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate ATP |
| Missing image GMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of guanosine monophosphate Guanosine monophosphate GMP | Missing image GDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of guanosine diphosphate Guanosine diphosphate GDP | Missing image GTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of guanosine triphosphate Guanosine triphosphate GTP |
| Missing image TMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of thymidine monophosphate Thymidine monophosphate TMP | Missing image TDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of thymidine diphosphate Thymidine diphosphate TDP | Missing image TTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of thymidine triphosphate Thymidine triphosphate TTP |
| Missing image UMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of uridine monophosphate Uridine monophosphate UMP | Missing image UDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of uridine diphosphate Uridine diphosphate UDP | Missing image UTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of uridine triphosphate Uridine triphosphate UTP |
| Missing image CMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of cytidine monophosphate Cytidine monophosphate CMP | Missing image CDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of cytidine diphosphate Cytidine diphosphate CDP | Missing image CTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of cytidine triphosphate Cytidine triphosphate CTP |
Deoxynucleotides
| Missing image DAMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine monophosphate Deoxyadenosine monophosphate dAMP | Missing image DADP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine diphosphate Deoxyadenosine diphosphate dADP | Missing image DATP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine triphosphate Deoxyadenosine triphosphate dATP |
| Missing image DGMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine monophosphate Deoxyguanosine monophosphate dGMP | Missing image DGDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine diphosphate Deoxyguanosine diphosphate dGDP | Missing image DGTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine triphosphate Deoxyguanosine triphosphate dGTP |
| Missing image DTMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxythymidine monophosphate Deoxythymidine monophosphate dTMP | Missing image DTDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxythymidine diphosphate Deoxythymidine diphosphate dTDP | Missing image DTTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxythymidine triphosphate Deoxythymidine triphosphate dTTP |
| Missing image DUMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyuridine monophosphate Deoxyuridine monophosphate dUMP | Missing image DUDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyuridine diphosphate Deoxyuridine diphosphate dUDP | Missing image DUTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxyuridine triphosphate Deoxyuridine triphosphate dUTP |
| Missing image DCMP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxycytidine monophosphate Deoxycytidine monophosphate dCMP | Missing image DCDP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxycytidine diphosphate Deoxycytidine diphosphate dCDP | Missing image DCTP_chemical_structure.png Chemical structure of deoxycytidine triphosphate Deoxycytidine triphosphate dCTP |
See also
External links
- Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html) (IUPAC)
- Provisional Recommendations 2004 (http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/BB-prs310305/Chapter10.pdf) (IUPAC)
ca:Nucleòtid de:Nukleotid es:Nucleótido fr:Nucléotide nl:Nucleotide ja:ヌクレオチド pl:Nukleotyd pt:Nucleótido sv:Nukleotid