Romney Marsh

The Romney Marsh is a sparsely-populated wetland area in the counties of Kent and East Sussex in the south-east of England. It covers about 100 square miles (260 sq km).

Contents

Quotations

    • “As Egypt was the gift of the Nile, this level tract ... has by the bounty of the sea been by degrees added to the land, so that I may not without reason call it the Gift of the Sea. (from Britannia by William Camden 1551-1623)
    • "The world according to the best geographers is divided into Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Romney Marsh" from Ingoldsby Legends, Reverend Richard Harris Barham (Rector of Snargate)

Areas of the Romney Marsh:

Romney Marsh is flat and low-lying, with parts below sea-level. It consists of several areas:

  • the Romney Marsh proper, lying north of a line between New Romney and Appledore
  • the Walland Marsh, south of that line to approximately the Kent/East Sussex border
  • the East Guldeford Level, south again to Rye
  • the Denge Marsh, SE of Lydd, which now includes Denge Beach and Dungeness
  • the Rother Levels, which, with various ditches, lie around the Isle of Oxney
  • the Rye and Winchlesea Levels

The River Rother

The River Rother today flows into the sea below Rye; but until 1287 its mouth lay between Romney and Lydd. It was tidal far upstream, almost to Bodiam. The river mouth was wide with a huge lagoon making Rye a port at its western end. That lagoon lay behind a large island, which now makes up a large part of the Denge Marsh, on which stood the ports of Lydd and the old Winchelsea. All these ports were members of the Cinque Ports.

Reclamation

The Romney Marsh has been gradually built up over the centuries.

  • In the 4th century the Romans constructed the Rhee Wall and the Dymchurch Wall The two walls linked the island with the higher ground to the north to form the original ’’Romney Marsh’’.
  • In 1250 and in following years, a series of violent storms broke through the coastal shingle banks, flooding significant areas and returning it to marsh, destroying the harbour at New Romney, and in 1287 finally destroying the port town of Old Winchelsea (now located some two miles out in Rye bay), which had been under threat from the sea since at least 1236. Winchelsea, the third largest port in England and a major importer of wine, was relocated on higher land, with a harbour consisting of 82 wharfs. Those same storms, however, helped to build up more shingle: such beaches now ran along practically the whole seaward side of the marshland.
  • By the 14th century much of the Walland and Denge Marshes had been reclaimed
  • In 1462 the Romney Marsh Corporation was established to install drainage and sea defences for the marsh, which it continued to build into the 16th century.
  • By the 16th century the course of the Rother had been changed to its channel today; and most of the remainder of the area had now been reclaimed from the sea.
  • The shingle continues to be deposited. As a result all the original Cinque Ports of the Marsh are now far from the sea. Dungeness point is still being added to: although (especially near Dungeness and Hythe) a daily operation is in place to counter the reshaping of the shingle banks, using boats to dredge and move the drifting shingle.
    • NB a map in the *Romney Marsh Gazetteer (http://homepages.tesco.net/~davyo/gazetteer/index.htm) shows the stages clearly.

The Marsh became the property of the Priory of Canterbury in the 9th century, who granted the first tenancy on the land to a man called Baldwin, sometime between 1152 and 1167, for "as much land as Baldwin himself can enclose and drain against the sea"; Baldwin's Sewer (drainage ditch) remains in use. The marsh has since become covered by a dense network of drainage ditches and once supported large farming communities.

Romney Marsh sheep

The economy and landscape of Romney Marsh in the 19th Century was dominated by sheep. Improved methods of pasture management and husbandry meant the marsh could sustain a stock density greater than anywhere else in the world. The Romney Marsh (sometimes called Kent) sheep became one of the most successful and important breeds of sheep. Their main characteristic is an ability to feed in wet situations; they are considered to be more resistant to foot rot and internal parasites than any other breed. Romney sheep have been exported globally, in particular to Australia, to where they were first exported in 1872.

Malaria

From 1564 the health of the marsh population suffered from malaria, then known as ague or marsh fever, which caused high mortality rates until the 1730s, although it remained a major problem until the completion of the Royal Military Canal in 1806, which greatly improved the drainage of the area, reduced its importance.

Communications

Roads

Roads across the Marsh have always been narrow and winding. This is partly because of the hundreds of sewers and smaller drainage ditches, and because the grazing land is far more important than the roads. There are only two main roads: the A259, a major road across southern England, although even that tends to be winding in places; and the coast road linking Hythe with New Romney and Lydd.

Railways

The main line railway is the Ashford to Hastings line, with stations at Appledore, Rye, and Winchelsea. The one-time branch to New Romney from Appledore (and its small offshoot to Dungeness) was closed to passenger traffic in 1937. Part of it still operates for freight to Lydd.

The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway has been operating along the Romney Marsh coast since 1927.

The Marsh in War

Throughout its history, the proximity of the marsh to the European mainland has meant that the areas has been in the front line whenever invasion has threatened. In AD 892 one such invasion was successful. The Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the Rother and took the fortress at Appledore built by King Arthur, which they destroyed.

The Cinque Ports

The importance of the Cinque Ports was in their strategic situation opposite the narrowest part of the English Channel. Within the Romney Marsh, Romney and Hythe were two of the ports; Rye and Winchelsea were later added as “Ancient Towns”.

Royal Military Canal

The Royal Military Canal stretches for 28 miles hugging the old cliff line that borders the Romney Marsh from Hythe in the north east to Cliff End in the south west. It was completed in April 1809.

The Martello Towers

Martello Towers are fortifications that were built by the British Army for coastal defence during the nineteenth century. Seventy-four towers were built along the south coast; Tower 1 was at Folkestone, overlooking the harbour, and Tower 74 guarded the beach at Seaford in East Sussex. They were built between 1805-1808.

Military Training

There are two military establishments on the Marsh: the Hythe and Lydd Ranges. The latter has a large danger area marked on maps south of Lydd towards the sea.

"Lost villages" of the Marsh

These lost communities on the Marsh are further instances of the modern decline of the rural communities, except that these probably occurred over the centuries. In 1348, for example, many villages were hit by the Black Death.

The villages, shown below with the modern Ordnance Survey map information on Sheet 189, were:

  • Blackmanstone: Blackmanstone Bridge, over one of the larger marsh drains [TR 071296]
  • ”Dengemarsh”: south of Lydd: village closed when the Lydd ranges were opened in WWII [not marked on OS Map: ?TR 0417]
  • Eastbridge: Eastbridge House, on Dymchurch to Bonnington road: the road is named Eastbridge Road out of Dymchurch. Remains: large part of west wall of the tower, some other fragments. Village had a population of 21 (1801 Census). [TR 078319]
  • Fairfield: Fairfield Court, NW of Broookland [TQ 977270]
  • Falconhurst: Falconhurst: a house north of the Royal Military Canal si x miles west of Hythe. [TR 076344]
  • Galloways south of Lydd: village closed when the Lydd ranges were opened in WWII [not marked on OS Map: ?TR 0017]
  • Hope All Saints: Hope Farm, NW of New Romney. the remains of the church are marked on the map. (See Romney Marsh Gazeteer) [TR 049258]
  • Midley: Midley Cottages, SW of Old Romney [TR 016237] This was once a small island in the Rother between the larger ones of Romney and Lydd, and the name means "middle island". In the 8th century there was a village on this site, and 23 people still lived here in 1801. Now only the ruined west wall of the church remains. During World War II there was an airfield here.
  • Orgarswick: Orgarswick Farm, NW of Dymchurch [TR 090309]
  • Shorne: no modern trace, although there are unnamed church remains NNW of New Romney near Chapel Land Farm [TR 049258]
  • Snave Although the church still stands, it is unused. (See Romney Marsh Gazeteer) [TR015299]

Smuggling

The flat, almost empty landscape made for a smuggler's paradise throughout the 17th, 18th and into the 19th centuries. The traffic was two-way, since wool was also smuggled to the Continent. The main website has more details.

The Victorians made smugglers into romantic anti-heroes; in truth they were unscrupulous villains. The two main gangs on the Marsh were the Owlers and the Blues.

Literary associations

Romney Marsh has a distinguished literary history. Three who specifically used the marsh as settings for their works were E.F. Benson, author of the Mapp and Lucia novels; Russell Thorndyke, author of the Doctor Syn novels; and the children's writer Monica Edwards, author of the Romney Marsh books in which Rye Harbour becomes "Westling", Rye is renamed "Dunsford" and Winchelsea is known as "Winklesea".

Many other well-known writers have been associated with the area: Henry James, H.G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, Stephen Crane, Radclyffe Hall, Noel Coward, Edith Nesbit, Margaret Rumer Godden, and Conrad Aiken. Rudyard Kipling and his Smugglers' Song are famous.

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