Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend

The following is a list and assessment of sites and places associated with King Arthur and the Arthurian legend in general. Given the lack of concrete historical knowledge about one of the most potent mythological figures in British mythology, it is unlikely that any definitive conclusions about any of the claims for these places will ever be established, nevertheless it is both interesting and important to try to evaluate the body of evidence which does exist and examine it critically. The earliest reference to Arthur is in Aneirin's poem Gododdin (c. 594). Another is in Taliesin's poem Journey to Deganwy, believed by some to have been composed in 547; while his fame may have mightily increased in the intervening years, the facts about his life have become increasingly less discernible.

Contents

1 Camelot 2 Avalon 3 Reputed Arthurian battle sites 4 Places with other associations to Arthurian legend

Camelot

Places which have been identified as the location of Camelot include:

• Camelford in Cornwall
• Caerleon in Newport
• Celliwig in Cornwall
• Colchester
• Tintagel Castle in Cornwall (also said to be Arthur's birthplace by Geoffrey of Monmouth, and later by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in Idylls of the King) Tintagel is also said to be the stronghold of the Dukes and Duchesses of Cornwall, namely Duchess, then Queen, Igraine (Ygraine, Ygerna) and Duke Gorlois.
• South Cadbury hill fort
• Winchester
• Falkirk
• Carlisle on the western edge of Hadrian's Wall; Norma Lorre Goodirch suggests in her, King Arthur, that Camelot simply means Castle of the Hammer, which she suggests Arthur was called, thus could be any castle which he temporarily made his base.

Avalon

In Liber Rubeus Bathoniae of 1428 a link is drawn between Arthur and Glastonbury as the site of Avalon:

At Glastonbury on the queer,

They made Artourez toumbe there,

And wrote with latyn vers thus,

Hic jacet Arturus, rex quondam, rexque futurus

(Here lies Arthur, the once and future king).

Glastonbury is conceived of as the legendary island of Avalon, the word Avalon itself being an anglicised corruption of the Celtic "Annwn", the Celtic twilight world of faerie. An early Welsh story links Arthur to the Tor in an account of a conflict between Arthur and the Celtic king, Melwas, who was said to have kidnapped Arthur's wife Queen Guinevere. In 1191, monks at the Abbey claimed to have found the graves of Arthur and Guinevere to the south of the Lady Chapel of the Abbey church, which was visited by a number of contemporary historians including Giraldus Cambrensis. The remains were later moved, and lost during the Reformation. Many scholars suspect that this discovery was a pious forgery to substantiate the antiquity of Glastonbury's foundation, and increase its renown. Others have suggested that the monastery was desperately short of funds at the time, and staged the "discovery" as a means of increasing pilgrimage (and thus, offerings and alms from those coming to see the remains of the famous king). If the latter supposition is true, then the deception worked - after the discovery, the abbey became wealthy for some time to come.

An alternative explanation has been suggested, that Arthur was originally buried on Abbey property at Nyland Hill and the remains translated to the Abbey itself during the abbacy of Dunstan in the 900s.

A cross was extant in Wells, not far from Glastonbury, on which were inscribed the Latin words HIC IACET SEPVLTVS INCLITVS REX ARTVRVS IN INSVLA AVALONIA (trans. "Here lies interred the renowned King Arthur in the Isle of Avalon"). However, many modern scholars suggest that the cross was a forgery - the Latin used being of a dialect common to the period of discovery (and not to the period when Arthur would have been buried). The fate of the cross after the 18th century is unknown.

Reputed Arthurian battle sites

(The first twelve are from a list preserved in the Historia Brittonum)

• Battle of the river Glein (the site of the first battle)
• Battles of the river Dubglas (said to be the site of the second, third, fourth and fifth battles) in the region of Linnuis
• Battle of the river Bassas(the 6th battle)
• Battle of Cat Coit Celidon (Caledonian Woods) (the 7th battle)
• Battle of Fort Guinnon (the 8th battle)
• Battle of the City of the Legion (according to the Historia Brittonum) the 9th battle was at Caerleon, other sources refer it to Chester
  • Caerleon Castle is also said to be the site of Arthur's court and Guinevere's convent, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth
• Battle of Tibruit (the 10th battle)
• Battle of Agned (the 11th battle)
• Battle of Mons Badonicus c. AD 496 (the 12th battle of the list from the Historia Brittonum) According to Howlett's interpretation of Gildas' text. The date, location, and contestants of this battle are a contentious article of considerable debate
  • Badbury Rings (Iron Age hill fort and possible site of Mons Badonicus)
  • Bath the location of Mons Badonicus according to Geoffrey of Monmouth
  • Liddington Castle another contender for the site of Mons Badonicus
  • Solsbury Hill near Bath is still another candidate
• Battle of Camlann is thought by scholars to have been fought around the Roman fort of Castlesteads. According to tradition, this was Arthur's last and fatal battle.

Places with other associations to Arthurian legend

• Alnwick Castle is a contender for Lancelot's castle Joyous Gard according to Malory.
• Bamburgh Castle is an alternative contender to Alnwick Castle for Lancelot's castle Joyous Gard according to Malory.
• The convent at Amesbury in Wiltshire is a contender for the place of banishment of Guinevere.
• Broceliande Forest is in Brittany
• Carlisle: In Malory, Guinevere's affair with Lancelot was exposed at Carlisle and there sentenced to death.
• Carmarthen was the birthplace of Merlin according to Geoffrey of Monmouth. The name Carmathen itself is said to derive from the Welsh name for the town, 'Caerfyrddin', which means Merlin's fortress ("Caer"-Fortress, "Myrddin"-Merlin). There are many places surrounding Carmarthen with names associating it with Merlin such as Brynn Myrrdin, "Merlin's Wood".
• Castle Dore is the Cornish castle where the story of Tristan is set
• Dinas Emrys (Iron Age hill fort in Gwynedd said to have been a place of refuge of Vortigern and the site of Merlin's vision of Red and White dragons).
• Stonehenge is said to be the burial place of Ambrosius Aurelianus and Uther Pendragon.