Torun
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Toruń (pronounce: Missing image
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Image:Ltspkr.png
[], Kashubian: Torń, German Thorn, see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river. It has 208,386 inhabitants (2004). One of the capitals of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship (since 1999), previously the capital of the Toruń Voivodship (1975-1998) and the Pomeranian Voivodship (1921-1939), the city is located near the Geographic Center of Europe.
The medieval town of Toruń is on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city of Toruń creates a bipolar agglomeration Bydgoszcz-Toruń with the city of Bydgoszcz, located only 30 km away. The 2 cities are gradually integrating. In September 2004 the Medical Academy in Bydgoszcz joined Toruń University as Collegium Medicum UMK in Bydgoszcz.
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City name
Early documents record the city name as Thorn, Thorun (1226, 1466), Turon, Turun, Toron, Thoron, and after 15th century the Polish name: Toruń. Points of view diverge on the origin of Thorn/Toruń's name. There are several possible etymologies:
- Founded by the Teutonic Knights nearby an old Polish village named "old Toruń", Thorn may be derived from the city of Toron, that was located in the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades.
- It may come from a Polish word tor which means track (of the Vistula river). If this is true Toruń means town on the track
- It may come from the personal name Toron and mean Toron's town
- It may have been originally Tarnów (there are many such cities in Poland, tarnina = a kind of river plant), which was later Germanized into Thorn, and re-Polonized into Toruń.
- It may come from the Gothic god Thor
However, others claim that neither name Toruń nor Thorn has any etymological meaning. (reference: Professor Jan Miodek)
The Teutonic Knights usually spelled the city's name as Thorun, and later when the city was a royal city subject to Polish Kings, the Latin documents and coins usually spelled Thorun, Thorunium, civitas Thorunensis or civitas Torunensis. Later it was spelled Thorn, and after the second world war the official name was changed to Toruń when the city became part of Poland.
History
Toruń was a small settlement in Chelmno Land (Ziemia Chelminska), a western part of Mazovia. in 1266 it was awarded by the duke Conrad of Mazovia as a fief to the Teutonic Knights to be a safeguard against the heathen Prussians.
The Teutonic Knights built a castle there (1230-31), and the settlement acquired town rights in 1233, relocating from its original site to what is called today "Old Town" in 1236. The city soon became an important medieval trade center, and a member of the Hanseatic League. In 1263, Franciscan monks settled in Toruń, and they were followed in 1239 by Dominicans. In 1264 the neighboring Toruń New Town was founded. It was a separate town until 1454, when the old and new cities were amalgamated.
During the 14th century, Toruń joined the Hanseatic League.
- 1440 The Prussian nobility and cities led by Toruń, Elbląd and Gdańsk formed the Prussian Confederation.
- 1454 the cities of Prussia rose up against the Teutonic Knights: Toruń accepted the sovereignty of the Polish crown in return for recognition of its city priviliges.
- 1466 The Thirteen Years' War and uprisings of Prussian cities end with the Second Treaty of Thorn, in which the Teutonic Order ceded sovereignty over western Prussia to the Polish Crown.
- With the Reformation the city became mostly Protestant.
- 1793 Partition of Poland, the city annexed by Kingdom of Prussia.
- 1807 under Napoleon the city became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw.
- 1814 the city returned to the Kingdom of Prussia.
- 1870 French prisoners of war built a chain of forts surrounding the town.
- 1871 the city became, along with the rest of Prussia, part of the German Empire.
- 1919 After World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles, the city became part of Poland, becoming the capital of the province of Pomeranian Voivodship.
- 1925 the Baltic Institute established in Toruń, with the task of documenting polish heritage in Pomerania
- 1939 Invasion of Poland, the city under Nazi-German occupation, and part of Danzig-West Prussia.
- 1940 The forts were used as German POW camps known collectively as Stalag XX-A.
- 1945 End of the occupation of Poland. The city became Polish after the borders were redrawn under the Potsdam Agreement reached at the end of World War II, Toruń is now located close to the geographic centre of Poland.
Famous people of Toruń
- Nicolaus Copernicus, famous Polish astronomer
- Sylwester Kaliski, Polish Army general and engineer
- Bogusław Linda, popular actor
- Thomas Soemmering
- Julie Wolfthorn
Education
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń was founded in 1945, based on the people of Toruń Scientific Society, Stefan Batory University in Wilno and Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov. It was one of the most respected universities in Poland. UMK (http://www.umk.pl)
- Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne (http://www.seminarium.torun.opoka.org.pl)
- Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska, liquidated September 27, 2002
- Toruńska Szkoła Wyższa
- Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa (http://www.wsb.torun.pl)
- Wyższa Szkoła Kultury Społecznej i Medialnej (http://www.wsksim.edu.pl)
Economy
Major corporations
- Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa SA
- Torfarm SA
- Zakład Energetyczny Toruń SA
- Elana SA
- ThyssenKrupp Energostal SA
- CPP-Toruń-Pacific sp. z o.o.
- Toruńskie Zakłady Materiałów Opatrunkowych SA
Politics
Toruń constituency
Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Toruń constituency
- Ryszard Chodynicki, SLD-UP
- Bogdan Derwich, SLD-UP
- Lech Kuropatwiński, Samoobrona
- Bogdan Lewandowski, SLD-UP
- Krystian Łuczak, SLD-UP
- Antoni Mężydło, PiS
- Marek Olewiński, SLD-UP
- Sławomir Rybicki, PO
- Anna Sobecka, LPR
- Zbigniew Sosnowski, PSL
- Leszek Sułek, Samoobrona
- Elżbieta Szparaga, SLD-UP
- Jerzy Wenderlich, SLD-UP
Architecture
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 | Missing image Torun3.jpg Partial view of Teutonic Knights' castle |
External links:
- The official web page of Toruń (http://www.torun.pl/engl/)
- 21st century - participative, radically transparent social groups in Toruń
- independent media centre (http://pl.indymedia.org) - email public archive (http://lists.indymedia.org/mailman/listinfo/imc-pl-torun) - wiki (http://docs.indymedia.org/view/Local/ImcTorun)
- Toruń Linux Users' Group wiki (http://www.torun.linux.org.pl) - email public archive (http://www.man.torun.pl/archives/tlug-l.html)
- Solidarity in Toruń Region 1980-1990 (http://k.of.pl/)
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cs:Toruň de:Thorn fr:Torun ja:トルン lv:Toruņa nl:Torun no:Thorn pl:Toruń sk:Toruň sl:Torun sv:Toru zh:托伦