Afonso Augusto Moreira
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| Term of office: | November 15, 1906–June 14, 1909 |
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| Predecessor: | Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves |
| Successor: | Nilo Peçanha |
| Vice-President: | Nilo Peçanha |
| Date of birth: | November 30, 1847 |
| Place of birth: | Santa Bárbara, Minas Gerais |
| Date of death: | June 14, 1909 |
| Place of death: | Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro |
| Party: | Mineiro Republican Party - PRM |
Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena (Santa Bárbara, November 30, 1847 – Rio de Janeiro, June 14, 1909) was a Brazilian politician, president between 1906 and 1909. Before his political career, Pena was a lawyer, jurist and member of the Brazilian Supreme Court.
He began his political career in 1874 with an election to Congress. In the succeeding years, Pena reconciled legislative work with some periods occupying federal secretariats — secretary of Agriculture (1882), Commerce and Public Issues (1883) and Justice (1885). Pena then presided over the legislative assembly of the state of Minas Gerais.
He was governor of Minas Gerais between 1892 and 1894. It was during his administration that Belo Horizonte was set for future state capital (which at that time was Ouro Preto).
In 1902 Pena became vice-president to Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves. He was elected president in 1906 and served until his death in 1909, a few days after the passing of his son Álvaro Pena.
Afonso Pena was the first Brazilian president to advocate intervening in the coffee economy. The federal government started to buy production surplus, thus mantaining the high price of coffee in international markets. Pena also promoted the expansion of railroads.
The reorganization of the Brazilian army was done by Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca during the Pena administration. The president also supported Cândido Rondon's expeditions in the Amazon Rainforest.
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