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- Eudocia Macrembolitissa (2682 bytes)
1: ...[Byzantine]] emperor [[Constantine X]]. After his death ([[1067]]) she became the wife of [[Romanus IV...
3: ...ugh to rule on his own, but nevertheless was considered co-emperor with his younger brother, while Eud...
5: ... Manzikert]] ([[1071]]), Eudocia and Michael were declared co-emperors, until it was known that Romanu...
7: Michael was deposed in [[1078]] by [[Nicephorus III]], who recal...
9: ...]] was very close to the family, and Eudocia considered him an "uncle." According to Psellus she was v... - Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
1: ...al, possibly Melisende herself, from the [[Melisende Psalter]]]]
3: '''Melisende''' ([[1105]] - [[September 11]], [[1161]]) was [[...
5: ... was named after her paternal grandmother, Melisende of Montlhery, wife of Hugh I, [[Count of Rethel]]...
9: ...reginam, cui jure hereditario competebat." Melisende was no mere regent-queen (for her son Baldwin III...
11: ...hter as a capable successor to himself and Melisende enjoyed the support of the ''[[Haute Cour of Jeru... - Eleanor of Aquitaine (11927 bytes)
3: ..., [[France]], c. [[1124]] – [[March 31]], [[1204]] in [[Fontevrault]], [[Anjou]]) was one of the w...
6: ...], [[Duke of Aquitaine]], and her mother was Ʈor de Chⴥllerault, the daughter of Aimeric I, Vicomte...
8: ... and richest of the provinces that would become modern [[France]], when her brother, William Aigret, d...
10: ...uld remain independent of France, and Eleanor's eldest son would be both King of France and [[Dukes of...
12: ...paign, with her, the Queen of France, as their leader. - Greece (54754 bytes)
1: ...ld|Western civilization]] and the birthplace of [[democracy]], Greece has a long and rich history duri...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
11: ...Σ<br>''([[Greek language|Greek]]: Freedom or Death)''
21: | '''[[List of Presidents of Greece|President]]''' || [[Karolos Papoulias|KᲯlos Papo?]] - Crusade (28507 bytes)
1: {{Crusade}}
2: ...hars]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
4: ...age of the term "crusade"|Usage of the term "crusade"]].
7: ...h the relative stabilization of local European borders after the Christianization of the [[Vikings]], ...
9: ... the Islamic [[Moors]]. In [[1063]], [[Pope Alexander II]] had given papal blessing to Spanish [[Chris... - Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
13: ...it into Eastern and Western halves, following the death of Theodosius I.
27: ...nquer the Levant and Egypt. In the following decades, they take most of North Africa, and later conqu...
29: ...of the Empire's remaining Italian territories, aside from some territories in the south.
35: | The Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the [[Seljuk Turks]] at the [[Battle of ... - Castle (27805 bytes)
1: ...)|earthworks]] (e.g. [[Hollingbury]] Castle, [[Maiden Castle]]).
2: ...houses from the late 15th century, their "castle" designations, relics of the [[feudalism|feudal]] age...
5: ...pg|thumb|right|200px|The Prague Castle Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
7: ...stle found along the coast of Ireland. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
8: ...ensive weapon, but also as a home. Castles were made by their owners for specific purposes, or evolved... - Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
3: ...ugustus, the pre-Augustan state is conventionally described as the [[Roman Republic]], since the struc...
5: ...s traditionally set in [[476]], when [[Odovacar]] deposed the last Emperor and sent the Imperial insig...
7: ...various semantic periods or eras. Such names include [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]] an...
9: ...r") imperial power showed its naked face, with golden crowns and ornate imperial ritual. We now know t...
14: ===Political Developments=== - Venice (22017 bytes)
2: ...ant center of commerce (especially the [[spice trade]]) and [[art]] in the [[Renaissance]].
6: ... Its strategic position at head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invuln...
8: ... Venice were laid: the [[Venetian Arsenal]] was under construction in 1104; Venice wrested control of ...
10: ...enetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
12: ...stablished the [[Latin Empire]]. Considerable plunder was brought back to Venice, including the [[Mark... - Seljuk Turks (7657 bytes)
3: ...efending the Islamic world against [[Crusade|Crusaders]] from the West, and conquering the [[Byzantine...
5: ...tate expanded in various directions so that it bordered [[China]] in the East and the Byzantine Empire...
7: ...s]] invaded [[Anatolia]] in the [[1260s]] and divided it into small [[emirates]] called the [[Anatolia...
73: ...Rüm|Süleyman II]] (Suleiman) [[1196]]-[[1204]]
74: * [[Kilij Arslan III]] [[1204]]-[[1205]] - Parthenon (12682 bytes)
3: ...ple of Athena the Virgin''', and its popular name derives from the Greek word ''παρ_...
5: ...ry, and was the location of the treasury of the [[Delian League]], which later became the [[Athenian E...
7: ==Design and construction==
9: ...ich was moved from the Panhellenic sanctuary at [[Delos]] to the Acropolis In [[454 BC]].
11: ...ts were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the [[stylobate]], th... - Ferdinand Magellan (19348 bytes)
5: ...ita, Magellan had two siblings: his brother Diogo de Sousa, named after his grandmother, and his siste...
9: ...5]] he was sent to [[India]] to install Francisco de Almeida as a Portuguese [[viceroy]] there and est...
13: ...everal medals, Magellan was accused of illegal trade with the Islamic [[Moors]]. He had also been invo...
15: ...ame from "''Fern㯠de Magalh㥳''" to "''Fernando de Magallanes''."
20: ...he ear of Charles and the powerful Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, bishop of [[Burgos]] and the persistent ... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
23: *[[Adelard of Bath]], (12th century){{fn|C}}
26: *[[Aedesius]], (d. 355)
27: *[[Aenesidemus]], (1st century BC){{fn|R}}
37: *[[Alain de Lille]], (c. 1128-1202)
44: *[[Alcibiades]], (c. 450-404 BC) - Hagia Sophia (7132 bytes)
7: ... same site during the 4th century. Following the destruction of the first church, a second was built ...
8: ...ion of emperor [[Justinian I]] and rededicated on December 26, [[536]].
10: ...n extant poetic ''ekphrasis'', probably for the rededication of [[563]], which followed the collapse o...
12: ... The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian is said to have proclaimed ...
14: ... of the Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A... - Byzantine art (10470 bytes)
1: '''Byzantine art''' is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the [[Eastern Roma...
3: ...e art of peoples of the former Byzantine Empire under the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after [[1453]...
9: ... derived from its roots in [[Judaism]], and the nude was banished from its dominant position in art.
11: ...dition were elevated, and became the dominant - indeed almost exclusive - focus of Byzantine art. One ...
13: ...tation in art. This is sometimes interpreted as a decline in artistic skills and standards, and it is ... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...re]] on [[May 11]], AD [[330]]. It was first founded as a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] colony with the na...
5: ... Asia beyond Constantinople, allowing the east to develop relatively unmolested, while Rome and the we...
7: ...e-captured by [[Nicaean Empire|Nicaean]] forces under the command of [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]] in [...
9: ...he city. When the Republic of [[Turkey]] was founded in [[1923]], the capital was moved to [[Ankara]]...
15: * [[Golden Horn]] - Praseodymium (9138 bytes)
2: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right...
4: {| align="center" border="0"
19: | [[Lanthanides]]
24: | [[Density]], [[Mohs hardness scale|Hardness]]
41: | [[van der Waals radius]] - List of Byzantine Emperors (11779 bytes)
3: ...the last western emperor [[Romulus Augustus]] was deposed during his reign). Others date the beginning...
11: ...- 364, ruled [[363]] - [[364]]) – soldier under Julian
31: ...and-nephew of Justin I; Count of the Excubitors under Justin II; adopted by Justin II in 574
41: *[[Constans II]] Heraclius Pogonatus (the Bearded) (630-668, ruled [[641]] - [[668]]) – son ...
46: ...ius]] (ruled [[695]] - [[698]]) – general under Justinian II - Song Dynasty (16385 bytes)
5: ...rt retreated south of the [[Yangtze River]] and made their capital at [[Hangzhou]].
7: ...[[Yuan dynasty]], proclaimed in [[1271]], finally destroyed the Song dynasty in [[1279]] and once more...
12: The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centrali...
14: ...ax system meant the development of a true nationwide market system.
16: ...rrently the Chinese invented or developed [[gunpowder]], the [[cannon]], the [[flamethrower]], [[print...
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